IDENTIFICATION OF JATAKA STORIES IN THE BUDDHIST CANDIS OF CENTRAL JAVA
A Semiotic Study of Reliefs in the Candi Sojiwan, Mendut, and Borobudur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58762/jupen.v11i1.7Kata Kunci:
Cerita Jātaka, Candi Borobudur, Candi Mendut, Candi Sojiwan, Arkelologi BuddhisAbstrak
Kisah kehidupan lampau Buddha Gotama telah menjadi salah satu pembahasan penting dalam filsafat agama Buddha. Kisah-kisah kehidupan beliau tercatat di dalam Kanon Pāli terutama dalam teks Jātaka (birth stories of the Buddha). Kisah-kisah Jātaka telah mengalami popularitas pada zaman kuno di negara-negara Buddhis seperti India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand dan bahkan Indonesia. Reputasinya tampak dari banyaknya cerita Jātaka yang dituangkan dalam seni dan arsitektur Buddhis. Di Indonesia sendiri kisah-kisah Jātaka tertuang pada relief di dinding candi-candi Buddhis, seperti candi Sojiwan, Mendut, dan Borobudur. Namun demikian, saat ini tidak ada buku yang telah mencoba membahas kisah Jātaka yang terpahat pada dinding candi-candi ini secara menyeluruh dan sistematis. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengidentifikasi kisah-kisah Jātaka pada relief di tiga candi yang berlokasi di Jawa Tengah yakni Sojiwan, Mendut, dan Borobudur. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori Semiotika Charles Shanders Pierce. Teori ini digunakan untuk menafsirkan tanda-tanda yang terdapat pada relief di candi-candi tersebut dengan menggunakan segitiga makna (triangle of meaning) yakni interpretan (peneliti), objek (relief-relief pada tiga candi) dan tanda. Dalam tanda terdapat tiga hal yang dikaji yakni ikon, indeks dan simbol. Berhubungan dengan ikon peneliti mengidentifikasi gambar-gambar di relief sebagaimana adanya. Selanjutnya dalam indeks gambar-gambar yang sudah teridentifikasi dimaknai oleh peneliti sesuai dengan konteks yang ada. Misalnya, ikon yang menampakkan ada gambar manusia, mahkota, dan perhiasan menunjukkan bahwa seseorang yang mengenakan mahkota dan perhiasan tersebut diidentifikasi sebagai seorang bangsawan atau bahkan seorang raja. Disebabkan tiga candi ini merupakan candi Buddhis, simbol yang diberikan tentunya cenderung pada konteks Buddhis. Apabila pada relief tertentu teridentifikasi telah merepresentasikan kisah Jātaka tertentu, maka relief tersebut dianggap sebagai objek yang menyimbolkan kisah Jātaka. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat 109 panel relief tiga candi yang telah berhasil dikaji. Dari 109 panel relief tersebut terdapat 38 panel yang teridentifikasi merepresentasikan kisah-kisah jātaka. Pada candi Sojiwan terdapat 20 panel relief namun hanya 8 panel relief yang teridentifikasi telah mengisahkan cerita Jātaka. Dari 45 panel, 15 panel relief yang terdapat di candi Mendut ditemukan telah merepresentasikan kisah Jātaka. Sementara itu, 230 panel relief di candi Borobudur yang kemudian direduksi menjadi 44 panel dan berhasil diidentifikasi 15 panel relief yang memiliki hubungan dengan kisah-kisah Jātaka.
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